The IOPC’s decision was criticised by the Justice for Chris Kaba Campaign and the charity Inquest, with both groups calling it a “blow” to Kaba’s family.

Temi Mwale, from the Justice for Chris Kaba Campaign, said the decision sent a “dangerous message”, and Deborah Coles, from Inquest, said it signified that “police can act with impunity”.

Paula Dodds, chairwoman of the Metropolitan Police Federation, said the IOPC had made “the right decision”.

“Police officers are of course – and rightly – highly accountable for their actions. But the officer has sadly suffered years of legal scrutiny following this incident,” she said.

“We are pleased this has all now concluded and that the officer can continue to serve the public without this hanging over him.”

A spokesperson for the Mayor of London, Sir Sadiq Khan, said: “It is right that the IOPC have independently assessed the full circumstances of the case.

“The mayor is clear that all lessons from this case must be learned for the benefit of the police, families and communities impacted.”

In a statement, City Hall Conservative Leader Susan Hall AM welcomed the news.

She said: “This disgraceful investigation should never have begun in the first place.

“The mayor and the ideologically captured IOPC are failing our police officers, not least our firearms officers, every day by refusing to provide the political and organisational support to the brave men and women who put themselves in harms way to keep us safe.”

She said the officer had been “let down at every stage and heads must roll”.

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